Globalisation, Sustainability & the Media

Definitions of globalisation:
Socialist - Transforming local or regional phenomena into global

Capitalist - The elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders

Americanisation of the world – arab spring revolution
 
McDonaldization

Marshall Mcluhan - Technology / human abilites.

Centripetal forces - bringing the world together in uniform global society.
Centrifugal forces - tearing the world apart in tribal wars

3 problems of globalisation:
         - Sovereignty

-       Accountability

-       Identity

-      

Manfreif Steger - 'pessimistic hyperglobalisers'
Cultural imperialism – to force your culture onto others
Time Warner - Own everyone

Companies divide the world into important markets:
1) North America
2) Western Europe, Japan & Australia
3) Developing countries
4) Rest of the world

US media - new form of imperialism.

 
Propaganda Model - 5 basic filters:
Ownership, Funding, Sourcing, Flak, Anti communist ideology

- today this related to anti islamic
the news is fact – or so people assume – thought you can only report what you're allowed, so it is monitored what we see/know
funding for advertisement is greater so they can be more substantial take over than the news
Global Climate Coalition (GCC) - Funded by Exxon, Texaco and Ford
 
Al Gore - "An inconvenient truth"
Brundtland commission (1987)  - Greenwashing - making a harmful product seem green and harmless.

Celebrity Culture

Julia Margaret Cameron – celebrity photographer late 19^th centaury early 20^th

Soft focus, enhancement of beauty – acting mythical scenes

Photographed – beautiful, educated, cultured women

Men where photographed differently

Louis aime augustin – inventor of the moving picture

1988 – first moving image

The artist – 2011 film created in the first moving picture style, a silent movie with over played sounds

Josephine baker – dancer – muse for art deco / contemporary painters

Influences – celebrities, glamour, music, fashion

Beyonce costume in reference to Josephine baker

Golden age for Hollywood – 1927-1960

The jazz singer- feature length moving picture with synchronised dialogue

Clarke Gable – ‘king of Hollywood’

Bette David – played unlikable characters

Marilyn Monroe - actress, singer – sex symbol – known for relationship with the Kennedy’s – image preserved by a young death

-       Andy Warhol endless repeat print

Andy Warhol factory – developing pop art using icons of the time

JFK president – pop

Advent of television – 1926 demonstration of televised moving images

‘Golden age’ begins late 40s

jacksons – brand

Own cartoon in which they would play themselves

Michael Jackson – appearance alteration – reaction to childhood abuse from his father – didn’t want to resemble him

Lady gaga - post post modern – reinvention of herself – looks/personalities?

Meat dress- fashion/feminist

You tube – allow regular people to become ‘famous’

Barac obama – pop president – hired Shepard fairey to create election posters – appeal to pop culture

Celebrity deaths – televised ceremonies – mass mourning

Parody photographs – shame celebrities – enhance their status – god like?

Social media – enable the following of celebrity – people can relate to and feel close to

Creative Rhetorics

Talking about creativity

'different artists often have quite divergent conceptions of what they are doing'
Harrison-Barbet

The blank sheet project

Renzo Rosso creative rhetoric –practise to begin, best idea is always your next one, make mistake and be stupid, collaboration
 
Mimesis – platos problem - critique of democracy
Art mimics - sensory world – denyed that creativity was knowledge producing

Westwern civilisation has roots in east and eygypt, which the geeks took influence…It did not begin with the greeks
classicism – roman greek
 
Academics - banaji (2006) 9 'rhetorics of creativity'
18^th C – romanticism – artist role became creators – no immitation
 
First art academy C14th  italy

Online collaboration/research
FutureEverything 2012
'people can collaborate...across networks to create...or participate in social revolutions'

Estudio is to create a space that mimis a professional studio

Study
75% agree media has given rise to collaboration
81% agree discussion/chat rooms support idea generation

87%/93% agree working online through teams is valuable experience

Communities of practice

'Little c' creativiy
VCOP eg. Websites, Blogs, Social Networks.
VCOP lifecycle - interest is built and then lost

SHOWstudio - Nick Knight – media visuals over all formats of creative

CSR-Corporate Social Responsibility

Flow - Psychological condition of being creative

Identity

Essentialism – who we are/biology

Relates to racism –

Post-modern theorists disagree

Historical phases of identity

•Pre modern identity – personal identity is stable – defined by long standing roles

•Modern identity – modern societies begin to offer a wider range of social roles. Possibility to start ‘choosing’ your identity, rather than simply being born into it. People start to ‘worry’ about who they are

•Post-modern identity – accepts a ‘fragmented ‘self’. Identity is constructed

Phrenology
Quack science - shape of the head can indicate what you may be like personality wise
Based on European people
Hitler used this as justification -(blonde hair, blue eyes)

Physiognomy - Intelligence - facial features.

Hieronymous Bosch

Chris Ofili – black Virgin Mary depiction

Pre modern identity - defined
Modern identity - choice
postmodern identity – you construct

Douglas Kellner:

Pre-Modern – marriage, church – depicts your identity

Modern -  'flaneur' (gentleman-stroller)

Leisure class - Rich enough to not work – displays of wealth openly to others – to flaunt

Fashion - Upper class use clothing – in turn the lower class follow using like for like items but cheaper

Simmel - being alone in a crowd - Alienation

Post-modern identity discourse

Foucault – identity is formed through age class gender – discourses – ‘otherness’

Humphrey Spender, Worktown project 1937
Martin Parr - The Last Resort 1983-86

Nationality
Alexander McQueen - highland rape – suggestive and about the taking of Scotland or ‘rape’  - Vivienne Westwood - Anglomania

Las Vegas – imitation of the world, in one city. Dream like.
 
Race/ethnicity
Chris Ofili - artists are white Europeans – assumption – uses his ethnicity in artworks - Captain shit - His response to a lack of black superheroes.

 
 Femininity  - Tracy Emin - Everyone I have ever slept with – names of people she had ever slept next to, people judge as sexual

wonderbra – hello boys, objectification of women, sex sells?

Post-modern condition – your Identity formed through social experiences throughout early life and throughout the rest
Geoffman - Life is a 'theatre' we act and put on performances as it where, we can choose who we want to be each day.

Subculture and Style

Subculture – separate from style it is reaction to environment

 Dogtown and z-boys (2001) zephyr skateboard scene, Vans sponsor the film. Creating cult images e.g. abandoned swimming pool as skate bowl

Ian Boarden - 'performing the city' – way to break barriers on city
Parcour/Freerunning – urban ‘escapist’ activities

Graffiti is a defining of space – owner ship claims – no discrimination McDonald - Female

Girl subcultures come second to male – male association is greater

Girls are seen as add on, not as great in the changes that a subculture is trying to create – always girlfriends or mother - accessory
 
Mod culture – women and men have similar styles – cult Quadrophenia (1979)
Hippy girl developed through 60s and 70s

Riot Grrrl – the following began from female rockers in 70s/80s – policical – making of home made zines-artwork

Brand styling to represent stereotypes of women at the time – spice girls

Self-publication of music and literature
punk begins to become commercial

Action against women in the 50s having to conform and behave in society

 
Skinheads follow on from mod culture - This is England (2006)

Popular Culture

Critically define pop culture

Contrast ideas of culture – pop culture – mass culture

What is culture?

-       Intellectual/inspirational/aesthetic development/ of a society at the time

-       A way of life

-       Intellectual and artistic works

Reality of society? – BASE

Capitalism produces culture

Base -> determines the content and form of superstructure

Base<- reflects form and legitimises superstructure

Ideologists – system of ideals/beliefs

Raymond Williams – 1983

Definitions of popular

-       Well liked by many, inferior work, culture made

E.g. graffiti when placed in an art gallery it becomes acceptable to society

Matthew Arnold – 1867 – culture and anarchy

Culture

-       Stud of perfection

-       Attained through reading/writing/thinking

-       Pursuit of culture

Cultural policies – culture is a disease

Pop culture is unreal – strive to CREATE something

Culture – substantial happening/timeless

Frankfurt school

Theodore adorno/max Herkimer

‘‘All mass culture is identical’’

‘‘The products indoctrinate and manipulate they promote false consciousness’’

Authentic culture vs. mass culture

Real, European, multi dimensional, imagination, individual creation

Culture industry – reality TV – exploits people

Pop culture – able to be a critic of all

City and Film

City modernism

Urban sociology – city a public / private

-       Postmodernism city = individual relation to the crowed

Greg Simmel – 1895-1918 - Metropolis and mental life.

The effect a built environment has on an individual

Herbert Beyer 1932

Lewis Hine photography

- Individual resistance to the city

Architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) – creator of modern skyscraper

"Form ever follows function"

Guaranty Building layout 

Skyscrapers – to represent power/the American dream and opportunity – big building big company ‘aspiration buildings’

Manhattan (1921)- Paul Strand and Charles Scheler – photograph of Ford Company at river rouge.

Fordism: - effect of factory on workers? Paid enough to buy goods?

Modern times - Charlie Chaplin (1936)

Society – his body is consumed by machine – the working age

Stock Market crash (1929) – lead to the great depression

French masculine noun flâneur—which has the basic meanings of "stroller", "lounger", "saunterer", "loafer’’

A person who walks through the city to experience it - Art captivation

Walter Benjamin - adopts urban observer concept

‘Arcades project’ -1927-40

The photographer as a flaneur

-       Susan sontag – photographer – especially in street photography photographer is ‘urban observer’

flaneuse

Invisible flaneuse – women and modernity

Susan buck-Morris = the dialect of seeing – arcade project

Text is suggestive that a woman on a street is either prostitute or bag lady

albus/hopper – photographs of women sitting alone – lost/trauma

Failure – despair – feelings of failure – a lonely woman – prostitute?

Don't look now 1973 - Nicholas Roeg. 

Hiring of detective but subject reverses role to lead to poiniont places of reference

Lorca di Carcia Heads (2001) NY – illumination of individuals – setting out from the crowd – creates drama on that person

Alone in the crowd till singled out some way

A lawsuit was brought against him for exhibiting a photo of someone without his or her permission.  The judge dismissed it as protected by the First Amendment.

Surveillance city – heightened security after 9/11

Panopticism

Institutions and Institutional Power

Discipline is not just punitive, but also productive
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

The great confinement (Late 1960s) – ‘houses of correction’ curb unemployment and illness

Middle ages – village idiots - No division in society between the sane and insane.

people judeged a "socially useless" sent to "houses of correction" (Mad, criminals, drunks, vagabonds, diseased, single mothers)
- Forced into labor if not

the birth of the asylum – specialist institutions

Discipline was used as if inmates where children – good = rewarded / bad= punished – no physical violence

Pre modern – physical punishment control
Institutional experts used - legitimate the institution – knowledge – rationalizing institutions – effect human consciousness / alteration/correction

Institution aimed for person to begin to take responsibility for their own behaviors and conformity in society

Pre-modern punishment – acted as a warning to others of the power

"Disciplinary society"

Discipline is apparent in every aspect of our lives
 
Jeremy Bentham's design The Panopticon proposed 1791

Institution design – more so used for the concept of prisons or asylums.

Panopticon - A cell is open from the front and lit from the back.
Decided for perfect functionality

inmates cannot see one an other, only central watch tower and supervisors – he is always being watched = fear = control
- reformation – confine – study insane – supervise workers – make work

Surveillance of bodies and training of bodies

Office structure, one way mirror people can see out but not in – fear of being watched so they work – blinds to hide if someone is inside or not

 Makes people more productive – fear increases work

- - -

Institutional Gaze

Modern discipline use of mental control - panopticism  - Understand/ thinks you are being watched.

Aspects in everyday life – cctv e.t.c

recording of behavior, we alter out actions to behave and conform – fear of punishment if not
 
e.g. attendance records – expectation to conform and be there – guilt if not/fear of punishment – monitoring – productivity increases due to fear/guilt knowing that you are monitored

records of employment – monitoring of emails and internet usage, clock in clock out cards

Disciplinary society creates 'docile bodies'
- Self monitoring
- Self-correcting
- Obedient bodies

- Docile bodies work more

soldier – docile body

Mass docility:
'The cult of health' – images and ‘guidelines’ humans use of what bodies should look like – begin to feel uncomforted and guilt for not being able to conform to ‘ideals’

Tory government in power – rising of retirement age – no reward for good health

TV – panopticon – told what to do and how we should act in society through programmes aim to unconsciously influence
 
Power is not something someone has
Power is a relationship between different individuals and groups, and only exists when it is being exercised.

Power will only exist while people allow it
'Where there is power, there is resistance.'

Key points

•Michel Foucault

•Panopticism as a form of discipline

•Techniques of the body

Docile Bodies

The Gaze

‘according to usage and conventions which are at last being questioned but have by no means been overcome - men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’
                                                (Berger 1972)

Hans Memling

 ‘Vanity’

(1485)

The female body – presented so that the female body cannot gaze back

The eye focuses on the womans body, not her as a character

MANET - Bar at the Folies Bergeres

Self portrait – looking out

Skewed perspective.

A sadness/unhappiness/not part of the group goings on

Role of women - disaffected, no longer the passively available, sexualised

Jeff Wall ‘Picture For Women’(1979)

-the gaze is reflected by the camera

the way nudity on banners and in magazines is the norm

-       sunglasses act as a way to stop women gazing back

Peeping Tom 1960 Films her death for voyeristic purposes

Nudes are not the same for the representaion of men – more nude females

Male – active

Women – passive/ looking back

Lara Croft - A visual spectacle
An overly sexualised object
Pleasure in the fantasy of her distraction

Social Networking is used to perpetuate the male gaze/ the gaze of the media – the judgement of body ‘ideals’ for women, and the objectification of specific parts and how they should look

Reality tv shows

-       offering ‘all seeing’ power to the public like the gaze

-       editing of the shows means that reality is lost

-       contestants featured are aware of their representation

Looking is not indifferent. There can never be any question of 'just looking'.

Victor Burgin (1982)

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Reading List

John Berger (1972) Ways of Seeing, Chapter3

Victor Burgin (1982) Thinking Photography

Rosalind Coward (1984) The Look

Laura Mulvey (1973) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema

Griselda Pollock (1982) Old Mistresses

Psychoanalysis

- Understanding of the psyche

- The role of the unconscious - everyday living

- Gender development - sexual identity

- Human subjectivity understanding

Study of human subjectivity

Psychoanalysis - form of therapy - human subjectivity - study psyche

Theories of the unconscious

- Human sexuality development

Understanding human desire/motivations/dreams

Human control is not all through the mind

-Unconscious thoughts are vital part I day to day reactions

- Sigmund Freud, Jacques lacan, lemanie klien, Carl Jung, Juliet mitchelle, Lucie irgaicay, Julia kristara

Sigmund Freud - conceived the idea late 1890s

-       Through the treating of hysteria patients the use of psychoanalysis – guidance to accept thoughts once repressed due to thoughts/events

Dream analysis – analysis of his own

-       Unconscious – ‘wish-fulfilment’

Infant observation – associations with parental/motherly figures

Establishment of dynamic unconscious

The dynamic unconscious

Through early human development as an infant – as a means of protection – unacceptable thoughts and behaviours to the conscious.

-       These early developments continue to effect the self in SOME ways

-       Unconscious is chaotic without order without language

Freudian slip – unconscious thoughts from early development made known through ticks/slips/symptoms.

-       Hysteria patients developed symptoms due to early repressed thoughts - experiences

Developmental stages

Development – wilful, conscious beliefs – full of confusing, contradictory, misinterpreted

Thoughts and feelings

- Human development – attempt to make sense of biological/instinctual self

                                    - Logical/thinking self

Development of associations and assumptions through out judgement of data – often misinterpreted

Developmental stages as a child

-       Oral

-       Anal

-       Phallic

Oedipus complex – sexual/love feelings towards motherly figure – resentment of father – stems from childhood dependence on mother – self centred view on world

Love/jealousy

-       Feelings to want / to be wanted

Development of preconceptions – Oedipus complex/castration complex/penis envy

-Oedipus complex – sexual/love towards motherly figure – resentment towards father – self centred view on the world

-Development of feelings – love/rivalry/jealousy – become mixed and confusing

- Development of male/female identities in relation to penis

-Castration complex – boy in fear of castration = loss of power

                                    - Girl accepts – she has already been castrated

Phallus – symbol of power

-Penis envy – girl experiences when she realises she is without – relation to father figure

-Presence/absence – negative feelings

- Boy fears loss of power – castration

-Girl fears she is missing something

Child must experience and overcome feelings and misconceptions

-These misconceptions/contradictory ideas continue throughout our lives – unconscious

The uncanny

‘unhomely’

Unnatural – familiar

Something to remind hidden – come to open

Boundaries of fantasy/reality break down

Analogies – unconscious (psychology) – uncanny (aesthetics)

Freudian models

Id

Ego

Superego ----- iceberg

Unconscious

Preconscious

Conscious

Id – represents biological/ instinctual part of us

Ego – represents individual/personality

Super ego – represents the part of ourselves in relation to others

Unconscious – hidden / repressed unacceptable feelings stored

Preconscious – unconscious buy not repressed – memories/words/recollection of this

Conscious – self/personality/identity

Jacques lacan

1960s-1970s presentation of psychoanalysis

Reconception of Freud’s findings – structured linguistics – signification

Lacan – development of the psyche – formed with the structures of language – ‘mold the self as we mold it’

The mirror stage

The Childs reflection

-       Child sees itself in the mirror for the first time – split/alienation

-       Seen as the subject and the other

-       Rivalry – child may recognise the image is its own

-       Identity of itself outside of itself – sees mirror as ‘other’

-       - Formation of the Childs ego – boy image/subject/other

Specula image

Captivated – child is absorbed/repelled by own image

Lacan unconscious

Unconscious is structured like language

Meaning is encoded with linguistic signs

Metaphor/metonymy

Symptom

-       Metaphor – representation of something else which possesses similar characteristics

-       Symptoms – translated elements – metaphor style coding

Desire

-       Metonymy – part used to represent whole or the whole represent small part

-       Displaces all on sales of associations

-       Desire for objects (inc people) displacement of desire for what cant be obtained

Lacan phallus

Not the biological penis – object of owner association

Through the potential LACK

Masculinity/femininity are not biological

Definition – SYMBOLIC positions

Phallus – ‘speaking position in culture’

-Relation to nature of the phallus – signifying

- Sexual identity

Orders of reality

-       The real – cannot be symbolised/signified

-       The imaginary – ego is born and developed

-       The symbolic – the other

Subjectivity

-       Human motivation desires – unconscious

-       - Understanding of why things are

-       Understanding of designers/artists creativity

Model based theory

Edward bernays – Freud’s nephew

‘The godfather of PR’

Applied theories to advertising and pr

Manipulation techniques

Embedding desire within products

Torches of freedom

Conclusion

Psychoanalysis provides definition of unconscious

Subjecthood outside logic/rationality

Understanding of motivations and art

How art and design effects us and why